Doping is probably the best known and oldest form of enhancement. Various sources indicate that even athletes in ancient Greece and Rome resorted to unusual diets and substances (such as mushrooms or bull testicles) to increase their physical performance. The development of medicine and technology means that doping in sports is now an ever-present and much discussed topic. The main goals of doping in sports are to increase physical strength and endurance. On a physiological level, these goals can be achieved primarily by influencing the skeletal muscles (muscle growth, composition and regeneration) and the energy supply (among other things, by improving the oxygen supply). Because athletic performance is determined not only by the physical parameters but also by the athlete's mental condition, some doping methods aimed at increasing alertness and concentration can also be classified as neuroenhancement.