Cf. the controversy over the distinction between medical treatment and medical research against the background of data-rich medical research:

Kass, N. E., Faden, R. R., Goodman, S. N., Pronovost, P., Tunis, S., & Beauchamp, T. L. (2013). The research-treatment distinction: a problematic approach for determining which activities should have ethical oversight. Hastings Cent Rep, 43 (1), S4-S15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-015-9661-6 

Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2019). Principles of Biomedical Ethics (8th edition). Oxford University Press, 360-370.

Central Ethics Committee at the German Medical Association (2023). Provision and use of treatment data for research purposes. Deutsches Ärzteblatt, 120(9), A-409 / B-349.  https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.zeko_sn_behandlungsdaten2022_en